OSHA imalangiza ogwira ntchito yosamalira kutseka, kuyika chizindikiro, ndikuwongolera mphamvu zowopsa. Anthu ena sadziwa momwe angatengere sitepe iyi, makina aliwonse ndi osiyana. Zithunzi za Getty
Pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamtundu uliwonse, kutsekereza / tagout (LOTO) sizachilendo. Pokhapokha ngati magetsi atsekedwa, palibe amene angayesere kukonza mwachizolowezi kapena kuyesa kukonza makina kapena makina. Ichi ndi chofunikira chabe chanzeru komanso Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
Musanayambe ntchito yokonza kapena kukonza, n'zosavuta kuchotsa makina ku gwero la mphamvu yake-nthawi zambiri pozimitsa chophwanyira dera-ndikutseka chitseko cha gulu lophwanyira dera. Kuwonjezera chizindikiro chotchula akatswiri okonza zinthu ndi mayina ndi nkhani yosavuta.
Ngati mphamvuyo siingathe kutsekedwa, chizindikiro chokhacho chingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kaya ndi loko kapena popanda loko, chizindikirocho chimasonyeza kuti kukonza kuli mkati ndipo chipangizocho sichinayende.
Komabe, awa si mapeto a lotale. Cholinga chachikulu sikungodula gwero lamagetsi. Cholinga ndikudya kapena kumasula mphamvu zonse zowopsa-kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a OSHA, kuwongolera mphamvu zowopsa.
Macheka wamba akuwonetsa zoopsa ziwiri zosakhalitsa. Pambuyo pozimitsidwa, tsamba la macheka lidzapitiriza kuthamanga kwa masekondi angapo, ndipo lidzangoyima pamene mphamvu yosungidwa mu injini yatha. Tsambalo lidzakhala lotentha kwa mphindi zingapo mpaka kutentha kutha.
Monga momwe macheka amasungira mphamvu zamakina ndi kutentha, ntchito yoyendetsa makina a mafakitale (yamagetsi, hydraulic, ndi pneumatic) nthawi zambiri imatha kusunga mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali. wa dera, mphamvu akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali modabwitsa.
Makina opanga mafakitale osiyanasiyana amafunikira mphamvu zambiri. Chitsulo chamtundu wa AISI 1010 chimatha kupirira mphamvu zopindika mpaka 45,000 PSI, kotero makina monga mabuleki osindikizira, nkhonya, nkhonya, ndi ma benders a chitoliro ayenera kufalitsa mphamvu mumagulu a matani. Ngati dera lomwe limapatsa mphamvu makina a hydraulic pump atsekedwa ndi kutsekedwa, gawo la hydraulic la dongosololi likhoza kupereka 45,000 PSI. Pamakina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nkhungu kapena masamba, izi ndizokwanira kuphwanya kapena kudula miyendo.
Galimoto yotsekedwa ndi ndowa m'mwamba ndi yoopsa mofanana ndi chidebe chosatsekedwa. Tsegulani valavu yolakwika ndipo mphamvu yokoka idzatenga. Momwemonso, makina a pneumatic amatha kusunga mphamvu zambiri akazimitsidwa. Bender yapaipi yapakati imatha kuyamwa mpaka ma amperes 150 apano. Potsika mpaka 0.040 amps, mtima ukhoza kusiya kugunda.
Kumasula bwino kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri mutatha kuzimitsa mphamvu ndi LOTO. Kutulutsidwa kotetezeka kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowopsa kumafuna kumvetsetsa mfundo za dongosololi ndi tsatanetsatane wa makina omwe amayenera kusamalidwa kapena kukonzedwa.
Pali mitundu iwiri yama hydraulic system: loop yotseguka ndi loop yotsekedwa. M'mafakitale, mitundu yapope wamba ndi magiya, vanes, ndi ma pistoni. Silinda ya chida chothamanga imatha kukhala imodzi kapena iwiri. Makina a hydraulic amatha kukhala ndi mitundu itatu ya ma valve-kuwongolera njira, kuyendetsa bwino, ndi kuwongolera kuthamanga-mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mitundu ingapo. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe muyenera kuziganizira, kotero ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino gawo lililonse lamtundu uliwonse kuti muchotse zoopsa zokhudzana ndi mphamvu.
Jay Robinson, mwini wake komanso purezidenti wa RbSA Industrial, adati: "Ma hydraulic actuator amatha kuyendetsedwa ndi valavu yotseka madoko." "Vavu ya solenoid imatsegula valavu. Dongosolo likamathamanga, madzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amathamangira ku zida zothamanga kwambiri komanso ku tanki pamagetsi otsika, "adatero. . "Ngati dongosolo limatulutsa 2,000 PSI ndipo mphamvu yazimitsidwa, solenoid idzapita kumalo apakati ndikuletsa madoko onse. Mafuta sangathe kuyenda ndipo makinawo amaima, koma makinawo amatha kukhala ndi PSI 1,000 mbali iliyonse ya valve.
Nthawi zina, akatswiri omwe amayesa kukonza kapena kukonza nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo chachindunji.
"Makampani ena ali ndi njira zodziwika bwino zolembera," adatero Robinson. “Ambiri a iwo ananena kuti katswiriyo ayenera kuchotsa magetsi, kutseka, kuika chizindikiro, ndiyeno dinani batani la START kuti ayambitse makinawo.” Munthawi imeneyi, makinawo sangachite chilichonse - sachita Kukweza chogwirira ntchito, kupindika, kudula, kupanga, kutsitsa chogwirira ntchito kapena china chilichonse - chifukwa sichingathe. Valve ya hydraulic imayendetsedwa ndi solenoid valve, yomwe imafuna magetsi. Kukanikiza batani la START kapena kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lowongolera kuti mutsegule gawo lililonse la hydraulic system sikuyambitsa valavu yopanda mphamvu ya solenoid.
Chachiwiri, ngati katswiriyo amvetsetsa kuti ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito valavu pamanja kuti atulutse mphamvu ya hydraulic, akhoza kumasula mphamvu kumbali imodzi ya dongosolo ndikuganiza kuti watulutsa mphamvu zonse. M'malo mwake, magawo ena adongosolo amathabe kupirira zovuta mpaka 1,000 PSI. Ngati kupanikizika kumeneku kukuwonekera pamapeto a zida za dongosololi, akatswiri adzadabwa ngati akupitiriza kuchita ntchito zokonza ndipo akhoza kuvulala.
Mafuta a Hydraulic samapanikiza kwambiri - pafupifupi 0.5% pa 1,000 PSI - koma pakadali pano, zilibe kanthu.
"Ngati katswiri amatulutsa mphamvu kumbali ya actuator, dongosololi likhoza kusuntha chida panthawi yonseyi," adatero Robinson. "Kutengera dongosolo, sitiroko ikhoza kukhala 1/16 inchi kapena 16 mapazi."
"Makina a hydraulic ndi mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu, kotero dongosolo lomwe limapanga 1,000 PSI likhoza kukweza katundu wolemera kwambiri, monga mapaundi a 3,000," adatero Robinson. Pankhaniyi, ngozi si chiyambi mwangozi. Choopsa ndicho kumasula mphamvu ndikutsitsa katunduyo mwangozi. Kupeza njira yochepetsera katundu musanayambe kuthana ndi dongosololi kungamveke bwino, koma zolemba za imfa za OSHA zimasonyeza kuti kulingalira sikumakhalapo nthawi zonse pazochitikazi. Mu OSHA Incident 142877.015, "Wogwira ntchito akulowetsa ... Chiwombankhangacho chinatsika mofulumira ndikugunda wogwira ntchitoyo, ndikumuphwanya Mutu, torso ndi mikono. Wantchitoyo anaphedwa.”
Kuphatikiza pa akasinja amafuta, mapampu, ma valve ndi ma actuators, zida zina zama hydraulic zimakhalanso ndi cholumikizira. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, imadziunjikira mafuta a hydraulic. Ntchito yake ndikusintha kupanikizika kapena kuchuluka kwa dongosolo.
"Accumulator imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu: thumba la mpweya mkati mwa thanki," adatero Robinson. "Airbag yodzaza ndi nitrogen. Nthawi yogwira ntchito bwino, mafuta a hydraulic amalowa ndikutuluka mu thanki pomwe mphamvu yamagetsi imakwera ndikuchepa. ” Kaya madzimadzi amalowa kapena akutuluka mu thanki, kapena ngati asuntha, zimatengera kusiyana pakati pa dongosolo ndi airbag.
"Mitundu iwiriyi ndi yowonjezeretsa mphamvu ndi ma accumulators a volume," anatero Jack Weeks, yemwe anayambitsa Fluid Power Learning. "Zodziwikiratu zimatengera nsonga zamphamvu, pomwe kuchuluka kwa voliyumu kumalepheretsa kuthamanga kwadongosolo kuti kugwere pamene kufunikira kwadzidzidzi kumaposa mphamvu ya mpope."
Kuti agwiritse ntchito dongosolo loterolo popanda kuvulazidwa, katswiri wokonza zinthu ayenera kudziwa kuti dongosololi lili ndi accumulator ndi momwe angatulutsire kupanikizika kwake.
Kwa zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi, akatswiri okonza zinthu ayenera kusamala kwambiri. Chifukwa thumba la mpweya limakwezedwa pamphamvu kwambiri kuposa kuthamanga kwa dongosolo, kulephera kwa valve kumatanthauza kuti kungapangitse kupanikizika ku dongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi valavu yakuda.
"Palibe njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli, chifukwa 99% ya machitidwe sapereka njira yotsimikizira kutsekedwa kwa valve," adatero Masabata. Komabe, mapulogalamu okonzekera bwino angapereke njira zodzitetezera. "Mutha kuwonjezera valavu yogulitsa pambuyo pake kuti mutulutse madzi ena kulikonse komwe kukakamizidwa," adatero.
Katswiri wa ntchito yemwe amawona ma airbags ocheperako angafunike kuwonjezera mpweya, koma izi ndizoletsedwa. Vuto ndilakuti ma airbagswa ali ndi ma valve amtundu waku America, omwe ndi ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamatayala agalimoto.
"Accumulator nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi decal yochenjeza kuti isawonjezere mpweya, koma patatha zaka zingapo zikugwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimasowa kalekale," adatero Wicks.
Nkhani ina ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma valve otsutsana, adatero Weeks. Pa mavavu ambiri, kusinthasintha kozungulira koloko kumawonjezera kuthamanga; pa mavavu a balance, zinthu ndi zosiyana.
Pomaliza, zida zam'manja ziyenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa danga ndi zopinga, opanga ayenera kukhala anzeru momwe angakonzere dongosolo ndi malo oyika zigawo. Zina mwazinthu zimatha kubisika kuti zisamawoneke komanso zosafikirika, zomwe zimapangitsa kukonza ndi kukonza nthawi zonse kukhala kovuta kuposa zida zokhazikika.
Machitidwe a pneumatic ali ndi pafupifupi zoopsa zonse zomwe zingatheke pamakina a hydraulic. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti makina a hydraulic amatha kutulutsa, kutulutsa jeti yamadzimadzi yokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira pa inchi imodzi kuti ilowe mu zovala ndi khungu. M'malo ogulitsa mafakitale, "zovala" zimaphatikizapo nsapato za nsapato za ntchito. Kuvulala kolowera kwamafuta a Hydraulic kumafuna chithandizo chamankhwala ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafunikira kuchipatala.
Kachitidwe ka pneumatic nawonso mwachibadwa ndi owopsa. Anthu ambiri amaganiza, “Chabwino, ndi mpweya” ndipo amalimbana nazo mosasamala.
"Anthu amamva mapampu a mpweya wa mpweya akuyenda, koma samaganizira mphamvu zonse zomwe mpope umalowa m'dongosolo," adatero Weeks. "Mphamvu zonse ziyenera kuyenda kwinakwake, ndipo mphamvu yamadzimadzi imachulukitsa mphamvu. Pa 50 PSI, silinda yokhala ndi malo opitilira mainchesi 10 imatha kupanga mphamvu zokwanira kusuntha mapaundi 500. Katundu.” Monga tonse tikudziwa, ogwira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito Dongosololi limaphulitsa zinyalala pazovala.
"M'makampani ambiri, ichi ndi chifukwa chothetsa nthawi yomweyo," adatero Weeks. Iye ananena kuti mpweya umene umatuluka m’mafupawo ukhoza kusenda khungu ndi minyewa ina kupita ku mafupa.
"Ngati pali kutayikira mu dongosolo la mpweya, kaya ndi cholumikizira kapena kudzera pachibowo cha payipi, palibe amene angazindikire," adatero. "Makinawa akufuula kwambiri, ogwira ntchito ali ndi chitetezo m'makutu, ndipo palibe amene amamva kutayikira." Kungotola payipi ndikowopsa. Mosasamala kanthu kuti dongosololi likuyenda kapena ayi, magolovesi achikopa amafunikira kuti agwire ma hoses a pneumatic.
Vuto lina ndiloti chifukwa mpweya umagwedezeka kwambiri, ngati mutsegula valavu pa dongosolo lamoyo, makina otsekedwa a pneumatic akhoza kusunga mphamvu zokwanira kuti azithamanga kwa nthawi yaitali ndikuyamba chida mobwerezabwereza.
Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya magetsi—kuyenda kwa ma electron pamene akuyenda mu kondakitala—kukuwoneka kukhala dziko losiyana ndi physics, sichoncho. Lamulo loyamba la Newton limagwira ntchito: “Chinthu choyima chimakhalabe chilili, ndipo chinthu choyenda chimapitirizabe kuyenda pa liwiro lomwelo ndi mbali imodzimodziyo, pokhapokha ngati chikagwidwa ndi mphamvu yosalinganizika.”
Pachiyambi choyamba, dera lililonse, ngakhale liri lophweka bwanji, lidzatsutsa kuyenda kwamakono. Kukaniza kumalepheretsa kuyenda kwamakono, kotero pamene dera latsekedwa (static), kukana kumapangitsa kuti dera likhale lokhazikika. Deralo likatsegulidwa, pompopompo sikuyenda mozungulira nthawi yomweyo; zimatenga nthawi yochepa kuti voteji igonjetse kukana komanso kuti magetsi aziyenda.
Pachifukwa chomwecho, dera lirilonse liri ndi muyeso wina wa capacitance, wofanana ndi mphamvu ya chinthu chosuntha. Kutseka chosinthira sikumayimitsa nthawi yomweyo; madziwa amayendabe, ngakhale pang'ono.
Mabwalo ena amagwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor kusunga magetsi; ntchito iyi ndi yofanana ndi ya hydraulic accumulator. Malinga ndi mtengo wake wa capacitor, imatha kusunga mphamvu zamagetsi kwa nthawi yayitali yowopsa yamagetsi. Kwa mabwalo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a mafakitale, nthawi yotulutsa mphindi 20 sizosatheka, ndipo ena angafunike nthawi yochulukirapo.
Kwa bender ya chitoliro, Robinson akuyerekeza kuti nthawi ya mphindi 15 ingakhale yokwanira kuti mphamvu yosungidwa mudongosolo iwonongeke. Kenako chitani cheke chosavuta ndi voltmeter.
"Pali zinthu ziwiri zokhudzana ndi kulumikiza voltmeter," adatero Robinson. "Choyamba, zimadziwitsa katswiri ngati makinawo ali ndi mphamvu zotsalira. Chachiwiri, imapanga njira yotulutsira. Zomwe zikuchitika pano zimayenda kuchokera kugawo lina la dera kudutsa mita kupita ku lina, ndikuchotsa mphamvu zilizonse zomwe zasungidwa mmenemo.”
Muzochitika zabwino kwambiri, akatswiri amaphunzitsidwa mokwanira, odziwa zambiri, ndipo amatha kupeza zolemba zonse zamakina. Ali ndi loko, tagi, komanso amamvetsetsa bwino ntchito yomwe akugwira. Momwemo, amagwira ntchito ndi oyang'anira chitetezo kuti apereke maso owonjezera kuti awone zoopsa ndikupereka chithandizo chamankhwala pamene mavuto akadalipo.
Chochitika choipitsitsa kwambiri ndi chakuti akatswiriwa alibe maphunziro ndi chidziwitso, amagwira ntchito ku kampani yokonza zinthu zakunja, choncho sadziwa zipangizo zinazake, amatseka ofesi kumapeto kwa sabata kapena usiku, ndipo zolemba za zipangizo sizikupezekanso. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo kampani iliyonse yokhala ndi zida zamafakitale iyenera kuchita zonse zotheka kuti ipewe.
Makampani omwe amapanga, kupanga, ndi kugulitsa zida zachitetezo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ukadaulo wozama wokhudzana ndi chitetezo chamakampani, kotero kuwunika kwachitetezo kwa ogulitsa zida kungathandize kuti malo ogwirira ntchito azikhala otetezeka pantchito zokonza ndi kukonza nthawi zonse.
Eric Lundin adalowa nawo dipatimenti yokonza The Tube & Pipe Journal mu 2000 ngati mkonzi wothandizira. Udindo wake waukulu ndikusintha zolemba zaukadaulo pakupanga machubu ndi kupanga, komanso kulemba maphunziro amilandu ndi mbiri yamakampani. Adakwezedwa kukhala mkonzi mu 2007.
Asanalowe m'magaziniyi, adatumikira ku US Air Force kwa zaka 5 (1985-1990), ndipo adagwira ntchito yopanga chitoliro, chitoliro, ndi chigongono kwa zaka 6, poyamba monga woimira makasitomala ndipo kenako monga wolemba zaluso ( 1994-2000).
Anaphunzira ku Northern Illinois University ku DeKalb, Illinois, ndipo adalandira digiri ya bachelor mu economics mu 1994.
Tube & Pipe Journal inakhala magazini yoyamba yoperekedwa kuti itumikire mafakitale achitsulo mu 1990. Masiku ano, akadali buku lokhalo loperekedwa ku makampani ku North America ndipo lakhala gwero lodalirika la chidziwitso kwa akatswiri a chitoliro.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-30-2021