Ngati mudakhalapo patebulo monjenjemera, kutayira vinyo mugalasi ndikupangitsa kuti mutayike tomato wa chitumbuwa mbali ina ya chipindacho, mudzadziwa momwe pansi pamadzi ndizovuta.
Koma m'malo osungiramo zinthu zapamwamba, m'mafakitale, ndi m'mafakitale, kutsika kwapansi ndi kusanja (FF/FL) kumatha kukhala vuto lopambana kapena lolephera, lomwe limakhudza momwe nyumbayo imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngakhale m'nyumba wamba zogona komanso zamalonda, pansi osalingana amatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito, kuyambitsa mavuto ndi zophimba pansi komanso zinthu zomwe zingakhale zoopsa.
Kusanja, kuyandikira kwa pansi mpaka pamtunda wotchulidwa, ndi kutsetsereka, mlingo wa kupatuka kwa pamwamba kuchokera ku ndege yamitundu iwiri, zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pomanga. Mwamwayi, njira zamakono zoyezera zimatha kuzindikira kusayenda bwino komanso kusanja bwino kwambiri kuposa diso la munthu. Njira zamakono zimatilola kuti tichite pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo; mwachitsanzo, pamene konkire ikadali yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa isanayambe kuumitsa. Pansi zosalala tsopano ndizosavuta, zachangu, komanso zosavuta kupeza kuposa kale. Zimatheka chifukwa chosakanika kuphatikiza konkire ndi makompyuta.
Gome lodyeralo likhoza kukhala "lokhazikika" pomangirira mwendo ndi bokosi la machesi, ndikudzaza malo otsika pansi, omwe ndi vuto la ndege. Ngati choyikapo mkate chanu chikutsika patebulo palokha, mutha kukhalanso ndi zovuta zapansi.
Koma zotsatira za flatness ndi mulingo amapita kutali kwambiri. Kubwerera m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zapamwamba, malo osagwirizana sangagwirizane bwino ndi 20-foot-high rack unit yokhala ndi matani a zinthu. Zitha kukhala zoopsa kwa omwe amazigwiritsa ntchito kapena odutsa pafupi nazo. Kukula kwaposachedwa kwa malo osungiramo zinthu, magalimoto amtundu wa pneumatic pallet, amadalira kwambiri pansi, pansi. Zida zoyendetsedwa ndi manja izi zimatha kunyamula katundu wokwana mapaundi 750 ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma cushion opanikizidwa kuti athandizire kulemera konse kotero kuti munthu m'modzi akhoza kukankha ndi dzanja. Pamafunika malo athyathyathya kwambiri kuti agwire ntchito bwino.
Kupalasa ndikofunikiranso pa bolodi iliyonse yomwe idzaphimbidwe ndi zinthu zolimba zophimba pansi monga miyala kapena matailosi a ceramic. Ngakhale zophimba zosinthika monga vinyl composite matailosi (VCT) zimakhala ndi vuto la pansi osalingana, zomwe zimakonda kukwezedwa kapena kupatukana, zomwe zingayambitse ngozi yopunthwitsa, kunjenjemera kapena kutsika pansi, ndi chinyezi chopangidwa ndi kutsuka pansi Gather ndikuthandizira kukula kwa nkhungu ndi mabakiteriya. Zakale kapena zatsopano, pansi ndi bwino.
Mafunde mu slab wa konkire amatha kuphwanyidwa pogaya malo okwera, koma mzimu wa mafundewo ukhoza kupitilirabe pansi. Nthawi zina mumaziwona m'sitolo yosungiramo katundu: pansi ndi lathyathyathya kwambiri, koma limawoneka ngati wavy pansi pa nyali za sodium.
Ngati pansi pa konkire ndi cholinga chowonekera-mwachitsanzo, chopangidwira kuti chiwonongeko ndi kupukuta, pamwamba pazitsulo zokhala ndi konkire zomwezo ndizofunikira. Kudzaza madontho otsika ndi zokometsera sizosankha chifukwa sizingafanane. Njira ina yokha ndiyo kuvala mfundo zapamwamba.
Koma kugaya mu bolodi kungasinthe momwe amakopera ndi kuwunikira kuwala. Pamwamba pa konkire amapangidwa ndi mchenga (fine aggregate), thanthwe (coarse aggregate) ndi simenti slurry. Pamene mbale yonyowa imayikidwa, ndondomeko ya trowel imakankhira coarser aggregate kumalo ozama pamwamba, ndipo chophatikizira chabwino, simenti slurry ndi laitance zimakhazikika pamwamba. Izi zimachitika mosasamala kanthu kuti pamwamba pake ndi lathyathyathya kapena lopindika.
Mukagaya 1/8 inchi kuchokera pamwamba, mumachotsa ufa wabwino ndi laitance, zinthu za ufa, ndikuyamba kuulula mchenga ku matrix a simenti. Gwirani mopitilira, ndipo mudzavumbulutsa gawo lalikulu la thanthwe ndi gulu lalikulu. Ngati mungogaya mpaka pamwamba, mchenga ndi miyala zidzawonekera m'maderawa, ndipo mikwingwirima yowonekera imapangitsa kuti mfundo zapamwambazi zikhale zosafa, kusinthasintha ndi mizere yosalala ya grout yomwe ili pansi.
Mtundu wa malo oyamba ndi wosiyana ndi magawo 1/8 inchi kapena kuchepera, ndipo amatha kuwunikira mosiyana. Mikwingwirima yamitundu yowala imawoneka ngati nsonga zapamwamba, ndipo mikwingwirima yakuda pakati pawo imawoneka ngati mikwingwirima, yomwe ndi "mizimu" yowoneka bwino ya mafunde ochotsedwa ndi chopukusira. Konkire yapansi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi porous kuposa trowel yoyambirira, kotero mikwingwirimayo imatha kuchita mosiyana ndi utoto ndi madontho, kotero ndizovuta kuthetsa vutoli popaka utoto. Ngati simukuwongolera mafunde panthawi yomaliza konkire, akhoza kukuvutitsaninso.
Kwa zaka zambiri, njira yodziwika bwino yowonera FF/FL yakhala njira yowongoka ya 10-foot. Wolamulira amayikidwa pansi, ndipo ngati pali mipata pansi pake, kutalika kwake kudzayesedwa. Kulekerera kwanthawi zonse ndi 1/8 inchi.
Dongosolo loyezera pamanjali ndi lochedwa ndipo lingakhale lolakwika chifukwa anthu awiri nthawi zambiri amayeza kutalika kwake m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma iyi ndi njira yokhazikitsidwa, ndipo zotsatira zake ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ngati "zabwino." Pofika m’ma 1970, izi sizinali bwinonso.
Mwachitsanzo, kutuluka kwa malo osungiramo katundu wapamwamba kwapangitsa kuti FF/FL ikhale yolondola kwambiri. Mu 1979, Allen Face adapanga njira yowerengera mawonekedwe apansi awa. Dongosololi nthawi zambiri limatchedwa nambala ya flatness pansi, kapena momveka bwino kuti "kachitidwe ka manambala azithunzi pansi."
Nkhope yapanganso chida choyezera mawonekedwe apansi, "mbiri yapansi", yomwe dzina lake lamalonda ndi The Dipstick.
Dongosolo la digito ndi njira yoyezera ndiye maziko a ASTM E1155, omwe adapangidwa mogwirizana ndi American Concrete Institute (ACI), kuti adziwe njira yoyesera yoyeserera ya FF floor flatness ndi FL floor flatness manambala.
The profiler ndi chida chamanja chomwe chimalola woyendetsa kuyenda pansi ndikupeza malo a data mainchesi 12 aliwonse. Mwachidziwitso, imatha kuwonetsa pansi zopanda malire (ngati muli ndi nthawi yopanda malire yodikirira manambala anu a FF/FL). Ndizolondola kuposa njira ya olamulira ndipo zimayimira chiyambi cha kuyeza kwamakono kwa flatness.
Komabe, wolemba mbiriyo ali ndi malire owonekera. Kumbali imodzi, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati konkire yolimba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kupatuka kulikonse kuchokera pazomwe zafotokozedwazo kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa ngati kuyimba foni. Malo okwera akhoza kuchotsedwa, malo otsika akhoza kudzazidwa ndi zokometsera, koma zonsezi ndi ntchito yokonzanso, idzawononga ndalama za kontrakitala wa konkire, ndipo idzatenga nthawi ya polojekiti. Kuonjezera apo, muyeso wokhawokha ndi wochepa pang'onopang'ono, kuwonjezera nthawi, ndipo kawirikawiri amachitidwa ndi akatswiri a chipani chachitatu, kuwonjezera ndalama zambiri.
Kusanthula kwa laser kwasintha kufunafuna kusalala komanso kusanja kwapansi. Ngakhale laser yokha idayamba m'ma 1960s, kusintha kwake pakusanthula malo omanga ndikwatsopano.
Chojambulira cha laser chimagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wolunjika kwambiri kuyeza malo onse owunikira mozungulira, osati pansi pokha, komanso dome pafupifupi 360º data point mozungulira ndi pansi pa chidacho. Imayika mfundo iliyonse mumlengalenga wa mbali zitatu. Ngati malo a scanner akugwirizana ndi malo enieni (monga GPS data), mfundozi zikhoza kuikidwa ngati malo enieni padziko lapansi.
Deta ya scanner imatha kuphatikizidwa muzachidziwitso zanyumba (BIM). Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazosowa zosiyanasiyana, monga kuyeza chipinda kapena kupanga mawonekedwe apakompyuta omangika. Pakutsata kwa FF/FL, kusanthula kwa laser kuli ndi maubwino angapo kuposa kuyeza kwamakina. Ubwino umodzi waukulu ndikuti ukhoza kuchitika pomwe konkriti ikadali yatsopano komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Sikena imalemba ma data 300,000 mpaka 2,000,000 pa sekondi imodzi ndipo nthawi zambiri imayenda kwa mphindi imodzi mpaka 10, kutengera kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso. Liwiro lake logwira ntchito ndilothamanga kwambiri, zovuta za flatness ndi msinkhu zimatha kupezeka mwamsanga mutatha kuwongolera, ndipo zikhoza kukonzedwa kuti slab isanayambe kulimba. Nthawi zambiri: kusanja, kusanthula, kuwongoleranso ngati kuli kofunikira, kusanthulanso, kuwongoleranso ngati kuli kofunikira, zimangotenga mphindi zochepa. Sipadzakhalanso kugaya ndi kudzaza, palibenso zoyimba. Imathandizira makina omaliza a konkire kuti apange malo olingana pa tsiku loyamba. Kupulumutsa nthawi ndi mtengo ndizofunika kwambiri.
Kuchokera kwa olamulira kupita ku profaili kupita ku makina ojambulira laser, sayansi yoyezera kutsika pansi tsopano yalowa m'badwo wachitatu; timachitcha flatness 3.0. Poyerekeza ndi wolamulira wa 10-foot, kupangidwa kwa profiler kumayimira kudumpha kwakukulu pakulondola ndi tsatanetsatane wa deta yapansi. Ma scanner a laser amangowonjezera kulondola komanso tsatanetsatane, komanso amayimira mtundu wina wa kudumpha.
Onse ma profiler ndi ma scanner a laser amatha kukwaniritsa kulondola komwe kumafunikira masiku ano. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi ma profiler, kusanthula kwa laser kumakweza mipiringidzo malinga ndi liwiro la kuyeza, zambiri zazidziwitso, nthawi yake komanso magwiridwe antchito azotsatira. Wojambula amagwiritsa ntchito inclinometer kuyeza kukwera, chomwe ndi chipangizo chomwe chimayesa ngodya yokhudzana ndi ndege yopingasa. Wolemba mbiriyo ndi bokosi lomwe lili ndi mapazi awiri pansi, ndendende mainchesi 12 motalikirana, ndi chogwirira chachitali chomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuchigwira atayima. Kuthamanga kwa profiler kumangotengera liwiro la chida chamanja.
Woyendetsa amayenda pa bolodi molunjika, akusuntha chipangizocho mainchesi 12 panthawi, kawirikawiri mtunda wa ulendo uliwonse umakhala wofanana ndi m'lifupi mwa chipindacho. Zimatengera maulendo angapo m'mbali zonse ziwiri kuti apeze zitsanzo zowerengera zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zochepa za data za ASTM. Chipangizochi chimayesa ma angles ofukula pa sitepe iliyonse ndikusintha makonawa kukhala okwera. Wolemba mbiriyo alinso ndi malire a nthawi: amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha konkire itauma.
Kusanthula pansi nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi ntchito yachitatu. Amayenda pansi ndikupereka lipoti tsiku lotsatira kapena pambuyo pake. Ngati lipotilo likuwonetsa zovuta zilizonse zokwezeka zomwe sizikufotokozedwa bwino, ziyenera kukonzedwa. Zoonadi, kwa konkire yowuma, zosankha zokonzekera zimangokhala pakupera kapena kudzaza pamwamba, poganiza kuti si konkire yokongoletsera yowonekera. Njira zonsezi zingayambitse kuchedwa kwa masiku angapo. Kenako, pansi kuyenera kulembedwanso kuti zilembedwe.
Makanema a laser amagwira ntchito mwachangu. Amayezera pa liwiro la kuwala. Chojambulira cha laser chimagwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero cha laser kuti chipeze malo onse owoneka mozungulira. Imafunika ma data mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mainchesi 0.1-0.5 (kachulukidwe kachidziwitso chapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mndandanda wochepera wa zitsanzo za 12-inch).
Chidziwitso chilichonse cha scanner chimayimira malo mu 3D space ndipo chikhoza kuwonetsedwa pa kompyuta, mofanana ndi 3D model. Kusanthula kwa laser kumasonkhanitsa zambiri kotero kuti mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ngati chithunzi. Ngati pakufunika, deta iyi siingangopanga mapu okwera pansi, komanso kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane chipinda chonsecho.
Mosiyana ndi zithunzi, imatha kuzunguliridwa kuti iwonetse malo kuchokera kumbali iliyonse. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miyeso yolondola ya malo, kapena kufananiza momwe amamangidwira ndi zojambula kapena zitsanzo zamamangidwe. Komabe, ngakhale kuchulukira kwa zidziwitso, sikaniyo imathamanga kwambiri, imajambulitsa mpaka ma 2 miliyoni pa sekondi iliyonse. Kujambula konseko nthawi zambiri kumatenga mphindi zochepa.
Nthawi imatha kupambana ndalama. Mukathira ndikumaliza konkriti yonyowa, nthawi ndi chilichonse. Zidzakhudza khalidwe lokhazikika la slab. Nthawi yofunikira kuti pansi itsirizidwe ndikukonzekera kudutsa ingasinthe nthawi ya njira zina zambiri pamalo ogwirira ntchito.
Poyika pansi patsopano, mbali yeniyeni ya nthawi yeniyeni ya chidziwitso cha laser scan imakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pakuchita bwino. FF / FL ikhoza kuyesedwa ndikukhazikika pamalo abwino kwambiri pomanga pansi: pansi pasanayambe kuuma. Izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa. Choyamba, zimachotsa kuyembekezera pansi kuti amalize ntchito yokonzanso, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pansi sitenganso ntchito yomangayo.
Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito profiler kuti mutsimikizire pansi, muyenera kudikirira kuti pansi pakhale kuumitsa, kenako konzani mbiri yakale pamalowo kuti muyezedwe, kenako dikirani lipoti la ASTM E1155. Muyenera kudikirira kuti zovuta zilizonse za flatness zikonzedwe, kenako konzekerani kusanthulanso, ndikudikirira lipoti latsopano.
Kujambula kwa laser kumachitika pamene slab imayikidwa, ndipo vuto limathetsedwa panthawi yomaliza konkire. Silabu imatha kufufuzidwa nthawi yomweyo ikaumitsidwa kuti iwonetsetse kuti ikutsatira, ndipo lipotilo litha kumalizidwa tsiku lomwelo. Ntchito yomanga ikhoza kupitilira.
Kusanthula kwa laser kumakuthandizani kuti mufike pansi mwachangu momwe mungathere. Zimapanganso pamwamba pa konkire ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndi kukhulupirika. Chophimba chophwanyika ndi chokwera chidzakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri pamene chikagwiritsidwabe ntchito kusiyana ndi mbale yomwe imayenera kuphwanyidwa kapena kupangidwa ndi kudzazidwa. Zidzakhala ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana. Zidzakhala ndi porosity yofanana pamtunda, zomwe zingakhudze kuyankha kwa zokutira, zomatira, ndi mankhwala ena apamwamba. Ngati pamwamba ndi mchenga kuti uipitsidwe ndi kupukuta, ukhoza kuwonetsa aggregate mofanana kwambiri pansi, ndipo pamwamba pake akhoza kuyankha mosasinthasintha komanso modziwikiratu kuti ntchito zodetsa ndi zopukuta.
Makanema a laser amasonkhanitsa mamiliyoni a ma data, koma palibenso, amalozera m'malo atatu. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, mufunika pulogalamu yomwe ingathe kuzikonza ndikuziwonetsa. Pulogalamu ya scanner imaphatikiza deta mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yothandiza ndipo imatha kuwonetsedwa pakompyuta ya laputopu patsamba lantchito. Imapereka njira kwa gulu lomanga kuganiza pansi, kutchula vuto lililonse, kuligwirizanitsa ndi malo enieni pansi, ndi kunena kuti kutalika kwake kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kapena kuwonjezereka. Pafupi ndi nthawi yeniyeni.
Maphukusi a mapulogalamu monga ClearEdge3D's Rithm for Navisworks amapereka njira zingapo zowonera deta yapansi. Rithm for Navisworks ikhoza kuwonetsa "mapu otentha" omwe amawonetsa kutalika kwa pansi mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Imatha kuwonetsa mamapu amizere, ofanana ndi mapu a topographic opangidwa ndi ofufuza, momwe mipiringidzo ingapo imafotokoza kukwera kosalekeza. Itha kuperekanso zikalata zogwirizana ndi ASTM E1155 mumphindi m'malo mwa masiku.
Ndi mawonekedwe awa mu pulogalamuyo, scanner itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, osati kuchuluka kwa pansi. Amapereka chitsanzo choyezeka cha momwe amamangidwira omwe angatumizidwe kuzinthu zina. Pantchito zokonzanso, zojambula zomwe zimamangidwa zimatha kufananizidwa ndi zolemba zakale kuti zithandizire kudziwa ngati pali zosintha. Ikhoza kuikidwa pamwamba pa mapangidwe atsopano kuti athandize kuwona kusintha. M'nyumba zatsopano, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kugwirizana ndi cholinga cha mapangidwe.
Pafupifupi zaka 40 zapitazo, vuto lina linalowa m’nyumba za anthu ambiri. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, vutoli lakhala chizindikiro cha moyo wamakono. Makanema osinthika (VCR) amakakamiza nzika wamba kuti ziphunzire kulumikizana ndi makina a digito. Kuphethira kwa “12:00, 12:00, 12:00″ kwa mamiliyoni ambiri ojambulira makanema osakonzedwa kumatsimikizira zovuta za kuphunzira mawonekedwewa.
Pulogalamu iliyonse yatsopano imakhala ndi njira yophunzirira. Mukachita kunyumba, mutha kung'amba tsitsi lanu ndikutemberera ngati pakufunika, ndipo maphunziro atsopano a pulogalamuyo adzakutengerani nthawi yambiri masana opanda pake. Ngati muphunzira mawonekedwe atsopano kuntchito, zidzachedwetsa ntchito zina zambiri ndipo zingayambitse zolakwika zamtengo wapatali. Mkhalidwe wabwino woyambitsa pulogalamu yatsopano ya pulogalamu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale.
Kodi njira yofulumira kwambiri yophunzirira kompyuta yatsopano ndi iti? Yemwe mukumudziwa kale. Zinatenga zaka zoposa khumi kuti chidziwitso cha zomangamanga chikhazikike pakati pa akatswiri a zomangamanga ndi mainjiniya, koma tsopano chafika. Komanso, pokhala mtundu wokhazikika wogawira zikalata zomanga, zakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa makontrakitala pamalopo.
Pulatifomu yomwe ilipo ya BIM pamalo omanga imapereka njira yokonzekera kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu atsopano (monga pulogalamu ya scanner). Njira yophunzirira yakhala yosasunthika chifukwa otenga nawo mbali akudziwa kale nsanja. Amangofunika kuphunzira zatsopano zomwe zitha kuchotsedwamo, ndipo atha kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zatsopano zomwe zaperekedwa ndi pulogalamuyi mwachangu, monga data ya scanner. ClearEdge3D idawona mwayi wopanga scanner yodziwika bwino ya Rith kupezeka kumalo omanga ambiri popangitsa kuti ikhale yogwirizana ndi Navisworks. Monga imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polumikizira projekiti, Autodesk Navisworks yakhala mulingo wamakampani. Ili pa malo omanga m'dziko lonselo. Tsopano, imatha kuwonetsa zambiri za scanner ndipo imakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Scanner ikasonkhanitsa mamiliyoni a ma data, onse amakhala malo a 3D. Mapulogalamu a scanner ngati Rithm for Navisworks ali ndi udindo wowonetsa izi m'njira yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito. Ikhoza kusonyeza zipinda monga mfundo za deta, osati kungoyang'ana malo awo, komanso mphamvu (kuwala) kwa maonekedwe ndi mtundu wa pamwamba, kotero kuti maonekedwe amawoneka ngati chithunzi.
Komabe, mutha kutembenuza mawonedwe ndikuwona danga kuchokera mbali iliyonse, kuyendayenda mozungulira ngati chitsanzo cha 3D, ndikuyesanso. Kwa FF/FL, chimodzi mwazithunzi zodziwika bwino komanso zothandiza ndi mapu a kutentha, omwe amawonetsa pansi pamawonekedwe apulani. Mfundo zapamwamba ndi zotsika zimaperekedwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana (nthawi zina zimatchedwa zithunzi zamtundu wabodza), mwachitsanzo, zofiira zimaimira mfundo zapamwamba ndipo buluu limaimira mfundo zochepa.
Mutha kupanga miyeso yolondola kuchokera pamapu otentha kuti mupeze malo ofananira nawo pansi kwenikweni. Ngati sikaniyo ikuwonetsa zovuta za flatness, mapu a kutentha ndi njira yachangu yowapeza ndikuwongolera, ndipo ndikuwona komwe kumakonda kuwunikira pa FF/FL.
Pulogalamuyi imatha kupanganso mamapu amizere, mizere ingapo yoyimira utali wapansi wosiyanasiyana, wofanana ndi mamapu azithunzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza ndi oyenda maulendo. Mapu a contour ndi oyenera kutumizidwa ku mapulogalamu a CAD, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ochezeka kwambiri pojambula deta yamtundu. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka pakukonzanso kapena kusintha malo omwe alipo. Rithm for Navisworks imathanso kusanthula deta ndikupereka mayankho. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya Cut-and-Fill ingakuuzeni kuchuluka kwa zinthu (monga simenti pamwamba pa simenti) yomwe ikufunika kuti mudzaze malo otsika a pansi omwe alipo komanso kuti mukhale ofanana. Ndi pulogalamu yolondola ya scanner, zambiri zitha kuperekedwa momwe mukufunira.
Mwa njira zonse zowonongera nthawi pa ntchito yomanga, mwinamwake chowawa kwambiri ndicho kudikira. Kuyambitsa chitsimikizo chapamwamba chapansi mkati kungathe kuthetsa mavuto okonzekera, kuyembekezera alangizi a chipani chachitatu kuti asanthule pansi, kuyembekezera pamene akusanthula pansi, ndikuyembekezera malipoti owonjezera kuti aperekedwe. Ndipo, ndithudi, kudikira pansi kungalepheretse ntchito zina zambiri zomanga.
Kukhala ndi njira yanu yotsimikizira zamtundu kumatha kuthetsa ululu uwu. Mukachifuna, mutha kuyang'ana pansi mumphindi. Mukudziwa nthawi yomwe idzawunikidwe, ndipo mukudziwa nthawi yomwe mudzalandira lipoti la ASTM E1155 (pafupi mphindi imodzi). Kukhala ndi ndondomekoyi, m'malo modalira alangizi a chipani chachitatu, kumatanthauza kukhala ndi nthawi yanu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito laser kusanthula kusalala ndi kusanja kwa konkriti yatsopano ndi njira yosavuta komanso yowongoka.
2. Ikani sikani pafupi ndi kagawo kumene kaikidwako ndikujambulani. Izi nthawi zambiri zimangofunika kuyika kumodzi. Kwa kagawo kakang'ono, kujambula kumatenga mphindi 3-5.
4. Kwezani mawonetsedwe a "mapu otentha" a deta yapansi kuti muzindikire madera omwe sali odziwika bwino ndipo akuyenera kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-30-2021